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Bio MRQ's about gene expression & biotechnology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Erwin Chargaff's rules, in any sample of DNA the percentage of the bases adenine and ___ are equal. | Thymine |
| The percentages of cytosine and ___ are equal | Guanine |
| The structure of RNA is also a sequence of bases, although the base ___ is used instead of thymine. In most cases RNA is ___ stranded, although it has been shown to take a double-stranded form in some plant species and viruses. | Uracil, single |
| When double stranded, Chargaff's pairing rule still applies in the sense that A pairs with ___ while G still pairs with C | U |
| During replication, the template DNA strand is ___ by DNA polymerase in the ___ direction, while the new DNA strand is being ___ in the ___ direction. | read, 3'-5', synthesized, 5'-3' |
| Continuous replication occurs on the leading strand, but on the lagging strand, ___ fragments are created. | Okazaki |
| The fragments in the lagging strand need to be covalently bonded together to be fully functional. This task is completed by an enzyme called ___. | DNA ligase |
| The enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA is called ___, which will rewrite a segment of DNA into a segment of ___. | RNA polymerase, mRNA |
| Newly copied mRNA (sometimes called pre-mRNA) needs to be ___ before leaving the nucleus. In other words, the ___ (or non-coding regions) need to be removed and the ___ need to be left in and rejoined. | processed, introns, exons |
| According to the central dogma of gene expression, DNA needs to be first transcribed into several kinds of RNA, including rRNA for building the ___, mRNA for protein-coding ___, and tRNA for the ___ of the appropriate amino acids into the ribosomes | ribosomes, messages, transfer |
| Some molecules can block the movement of substances in and out of nuclear pores, thereby ___ the expression of any polypeptide chains in eukaryotes. This wouldn't be an issue in prokaryotes, however, because of the absence of a ___ in there cells. | inhibiting, nucleus |
| All non-sex cells in an organism contain the full sequence of DNA, called a ___. | genome |
| When cells differentiate, they will express different genes, based on the environmental signals, including protein ___ and other transcription factors promoting the expression of those genes. | activators |
| ___ molecules can often bind to regions of genes to inhibit their expression when they are not needed. | repressor |
| Cells can ___ because they can transcribe and translate different combinations of genes, which then produce different proteins. | differentiate |
| Sometimes genes can regulate the expression of other genes. Damage to these regulator genes can result in ___, which can completely stop any further gene expression. | mutations |
| A shift in the ___ of the mRNA sequence can cause many different amino acids to be produced. | reading frame |
| A single base change in DNA is called a ___ mutation | point |
| Prokaryotic (___) cells have the ability to share circular, ___-stranded loops of DNA called ___, which can assist with their survival. | bacterial, double, plasmids |
| In order to isolate a strain of bacteria for use in the lab, you could give transform it with a gene that codes for ampicillin ___, then grow the strain on some agar containing ampicillin. | resistance |
| When doing genetic engineering with bacteria, the term ___ just means the "normal" or original, unaltered strain | wild-type |
| Multiple genes can be incorporated into one plasmid for expression in bacteria. Once ampicillin resistance is established, a gene for ___ production could be added to help humans regulate their blood sugar levels. | insulin |
| In an electrophoresis gels, the ___charged DNA fragments migrate towards the positive end of the gel. ___ fragments move slower. | negatively, longer |
| Bacterial (___) DNA is different from eukaryotic DNA since bacterial DNA contains only ___ chromosomes instead of eukaryotic linear chromosomes. | prokaryotic, circular |
| Membrane receptor proteins have a specific ___ that is crucial for triggering some cellular responses. | shape |
| Water molecules consist of covalent bonds in which the charges are not equal, this results in a ___ molecule in which the ___ will get a more positive charge, making weak bonds with negatively charged regions on other molecules. | polar, hydrogen |
| Lysosomes are cellular structures that depend on a high amount of hydrogen ions (otherwise known as a ___ pH). Special ion ___ in their membranes help to increase this acidic internal environment. | low, pumps |
| Hydrogen ions can also be used by the electron transport chain in energy-related reactions to create a proton ___ across a membrane. Special energy harnessing enzymes called ____ depend on the flow of protons from this difference in concentration. | gradient, ATP synthase |
Created by: josie_dr
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